二手车英文文献出处,二手车金融文献外文翻译

1.求一千五百字关于财务管理目标（Financial Management）的英文文献以及翻译！

2.求英语高手将英语文献翻译成汉语！急用

3.英文翻译一句话谢谢..."我们再买二手车时应该先要对这辆车的性能，即行驶的里程数有个初步的了解。"

4.怎么找外文文献及译文

5.如何翻译文献?

6.谁帮我翻译一下这段外文文献啊

1 the meaning of financial risk

Ye at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk.

Starting from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position.

The causes of the financial risks

(A) external causes

1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk.

(B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company's content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties.

求一千五百字关于财务管理目标（Financial Management）的英文文献以及翻译！

In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standard and consumption idea, and the change of highway construction, and the rapid development of urban infrastructure construction and the development of tourism, automobile market demand rapid expansion, auto output growth, then led the second-hand market transactions, vehicles, vehicle speed update frequency of the huge market potential and broad development prospects. But at the same time, China's second hand car transaction started with the developed countries, compared to late in developing also exist some problems and obstacles. So will through the analysis of the present situation and the second-hand market, for its future development tendency, and explore the problems existed in the proposed countermeasures. Although at present a second-hand market scale is not new, but compared with the market with the development of these years, there might be judged in the near future instead of new market position. While strengthening second-hand market system, improve circulation of the appraisal system used in China, and is used for the healthy development of the market. When was the orbit of regulate management, it will become a good polity in positive industry.

求英语高手将英语文献翻译成汉语！急用

This will be the goal of financial management is to ensure the promotion of the

Operational funds required to achieve the mission of the Organization and to the sustainable

Exhibition. According to the experts pointed out that the profit-making organizations and non-profit organizations in the fiscal

Treasury management objectives on the difference (the following table), but as a non -

Profit organizations, in this financial operation will also focus on security (Flow

Mobility), the long-term stability and development, expectations by a different cast

Financing portfolio, spread financial risk, and the smallest in the financial winds

Danger, the pursuit of a reasonable financial return. This will be the main financial management

To the project, in addition to manage projects and the use of funds, is also responsible for

Long-term financing plan and the recovery of funds management, and short-term vote

Funding. Described as follows:

The use of funds

The funds will be used mainly divided into the Fund and the annual income of two

Points, including funds to cover long-term financing (loans), long-term vote

Financing and credit guarantee business, including the remaining funds allocated or have not yet fixed

Unsigned amount, for the storage of banks, short-term bills, bonds,

Funds, shares and other assets.

The Fund's income from the use of these funds, including long-term

Interest income from loans, credit guarantee fee income and short-term investments to

Into the main branch should be the year for the financial services, international human

Development, technical cooperation, business planning and the total cost, and other expenses.

As at December 31, 2004 only, the overall situation such as the use of funds

The right upper plans:

Long-term financing (loans) case management plan

As at December 31, 2004 only, this will be long-term financing plan

Total 66, the program loan, the loan interest rate, grace period and signed

About the amount of loans, and other major conditions as follows:

Juan Financial Management

Other

2%

Long-term investment

3%

Have been signed

For not moving

The amount of

16%

Unsigned

The Dui

43%

Long-term financing

36%

Long-term investment

59%

Long-term financing (loan) program main conditions

Project average

Loan period (years) 17.67

Lending rate (%) (Note) 3.54

Grace period (years) 5.05

The amount of credits (1,000 U.S. dollars) 7,484

Note: non-small-scale loans

In 2004 the use of funds

Other

23%

More than the current situation

2%

Business Planning

Expenditure

8%

Technical cooperation expenditure

14%

International human

Development expenditures

21%

Financial operating expenses

12%

Management and

General costs

20%

2004 income ratio use

Profit and non-profit organizations financial management objectives of the similarities and differences

- Profit organization's goals of the objectives of non-profit organizations

Shares of great security and stability

The most marginal benefit mission responsibility

Acts of target goals

Social responsibility of social responsibility

Source: Shim, Jae K. & Joel G. Siegel (1997)

Chapter IV of organizational and operational management

73

As at December 31, 2004 only, this Council has signed the financing

Amounted to 400 million 93.97 million U.S. dollars, of which 300 million the amount of funding

63.03 million U.S. dollars, the total amount of principal repayments for the 100 million 64.04 million U.S. dollars;

Fixed rate of 73.49 percent for, principal repayments rate of 33.21 percent.

Observation of the long-term financing plan will be signed over the years accumulated amount (deduction

In addition to the amount of cancellation), and the amount of funds on account of the changes (as above),

Can be found both for signing, funding and principal payments, showed a

Slowly growing trend, with the signing of the gap between the amount of funding,

Dynamic is illustrated in a year to improve conditions for the phenomenon.

This will provide more Yundang the quality of the assets, depending on asset class

If other receivables, long-term lending and collection, and other subjects mentioned money

Allowance for doubtful accounts are prepared, as at December 31, 2004 only, accounts out

Allowance for doubtful accounts for the balance of 300 million NT 1,528 million.

Case management of short-term investments

In order to maintain a long-term stability of this source of income and to meet industry

Treasury characteristics, capital of the first re-use of safety and mobility, taking into account

Value-added revenue, in 2004 the short-term investments for banks to asset allocation

Deposit, bonds (including bonds, financial bonds and corporate bonds, etc.)

The main assets and bills, the Board authorized another 500 million U.S.

Yuan limit, some professional bodies appointed by the full commission operation.

As at December 31, 2004 only, short-term investments of the assets allocated

Purchase of the following plans. In the past year, when interest rates since the calendar

History of low upward reversal, in order to avoid bombs or interest rate risk, maturity

1996

Signing of

Dollars (100 million)

Allocation of principal payments

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

5

4

3

2

1

0

()

Stock

2%

Coupons

10 percent bonds

30%

Survival

2%

CDs

56%

Cash

0%

Signing long-term financing plan for funding and principal payments accumulated

Short-term investments of asset allocation ratio

74

Of the first temporary storage in the bank CDs, so obviously the proportion of CDs

High, will look to the future as interest rates rise gradually adjust the asset allocation

Home proportion.

And from the next calendar year will map the actual short-term rate of return on investments, and

The one-year bank interest rates, can also be found through the above-mentioned

With the allocation of assets, has effectively will be the overall short-term fluctuations in investment income

The rate slowed down, and short-term investments in the year to maintain the yield on one-year

Bank interest rates above the standard.

Future

This will be the last major asset investment of NT dollar and U.S. dollar assets,

Based on the actual needs of borrowing countries and spread the risk of exchange rate considerations, not

Will be to meet business needs a different currency, to enhance the funding will

The production value of stability. In fact, the relevant laws and regulations governing repair funds

After the change, the assets of the future will be towards a more diversified use, depending on the whole

- Economic performance in different parts of the appropriate distribution of assets to achieve the full

San risk purposes.

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

One-year bank interest rates on short-term investments yield

Over the years the actual investment income and short-term interest rates on one-year Comparison

英文翻译一句话谢谢..."我们再买二手车时应该先要对这辆车的性能，即行驶的里程数有个初步的了解。"

1。BackgroundInequitable资源配置是一种普遍的probleminmany卫生系统。在全球范围内,健康需求多样化和要求重大财务、人力和其他资源。然而,这些资源限制在许多国家[33],从而形成一个分布式进退两难的局面对决策者。尽管这个问题带来的资源不足,无法underesti -交配,特别是在发展中国家,那里是一个普遍认为,在国家举行类似的经济,它不是站在一个国家花多少钱,而是如何度过其资源,deter-mines的健康状况,其人口[1]。证据,

fromboth发达国家和发展中国家的暗示不恰当的资源配置,很大程度上取决于不平等的健康。在澳大利亚,举个例子,虽然土著居民平均寿命为近20年来non-indigenous短于澳大利亚[2、3),Deeble和别人发现,总expen-ditures健康服务,每个人都notmuch高于澳大利亚土著人口的其余部分,比仅仅1.22:1[4]。在南非,

这个贫穷的健康状况的黑人比白人南非被认为是造成的历史性的失衡和不平等的资源配置体系今天,在观察红壤保健支出在南非在20世纪末的时候是在私营部门(40),主要受惠者是少数民族人口。在马达加斯加,Castro-Leal缪群。[5]的发现,最穷的20%的人口消耗12%的

公共医疗保健支出30%份额相比,总喜欢的富有20%。

要解决不平等的健康受到注意增加了近年来[6]. 这已经暴露出机制的公营医疗资源分配到更严厉。上述国家的压力下,政策制定者已经放弃了历史的融资模型被广泛地认为公正和开发明确的选择方案,得以在地区之间的不平等。一个问题仍未解决的更公平的资源分配任务,然而,正确的原则或套原则指导资源配置为桥梁存在的差距在股票。其中一个主要原因为小一致的学者对这一问题的不同结果如何解释术语“公平”任何一个可能解释道,股票仍是一个装有财宝;选择不同的定义,因此必然涉及到公平

使价值判断[7]. 常见的解释,包括'equal人均支出的公平平等的输入percapita”、“平等”、“平等”、“平等的使用要求平等需要的、平等健康”[8]。这些定义有其自身的利益和困境,并以测量和operationalisation.健康”的平等,例如,而饱受批评

是不现实的,给予了许多因素,包括确定变异的遗传背景和历史悠久的差距在访问thewide范围的资源,有助于确定健康的结果。虽然有些学者争论的终极目的,所有的定义,净值是平等的,其他健康[34]有建议的其他目标,比如平等权利的平等机会访问或平等需要[9]。访问,不过,这是一个多维的概念和极难衡量大多数工业国采取“平等”interpre-tation访问他们在努力实现公平分配

服务和资源10-12][…许多needs-based信息资源配置模式

在最近几十年被开发的基础上获得了平等的原则。最好的例子就是资源配置文件工作小组(RAWP)模型在1976年在英格兰。这个RAWP模型试图分配国家卫生服务系统之间的地理区域来获得资金的访问为平等机会均等(39)需要。asAustralia、新西兰等国家,加拿大和南非已经领先的方法,从RAWP形成了一套自己的needs-based系统的目的和类似的公平。一个needs-based模型也在赞比亚[13]而乌干达已经实施了扶贫资源分配改革类似needs-based资助[14]。然而,努力改善股权通过needs-based资金都集中在广阔的地域公平压倒一切的

如区域或省级股权。股票在次区域水平已经几乎忽略了在许多国家,创造了一种知识vacuumregarding re-distributed资源被当局这种缺乏关注权益的次区域水平可能深具意义的一般不平等减少健康。(2)。在加纳的资源配置.Ghana坐落在西方海岸ofAfrica多哥,东、西'lvoire寇特d、上

沃尔特和几内亚湾。这是一个低收入国家国民生产总值人均国民ofUS 320亿美元(42]. 超过40%的估计20.5万人口生活在贫困线以下。年轻的人口结构,显著的居民大约40%的15岁以下。农村居民大约占55%的

总数量。这个infantmortality率大约百分之六十的1000 2003年总体平均寿命为2002年出生时几乎是58年。公共部门的健康支出构成了大约占2.8%的国内生产总值(GDP)于2001年(41]。行政区划、加纳分为10个区域和110个区(图1)。政府已经在过去的几年里,发起了一个政策来创建一个额外的20-30区卫生资源配置和地区之间、地区在加纳已经低于公平。一般来说,在北部地区的国家而言,更被剥夺了获得医疗保健行业的人比南方…GhanaHealth服务(GHS率)的医生是1:16,201每个人口为例,在更大1:66,071相比,在加纳首都阿克拉地区北部地区(31)。在

个别地区、不平等盛行,经常与社区在偏远地区havingmuchmore有限的区域性保健服务。衔接关系尚未获得医疗保健是最主要的国家健康政策的目标。这是供奉

使命宣言卫生部声明:“TheMinistry ofHealthwillwork collaborationwith所有合作伙伴在医疗部门,以确保每一个个人、家庭、社区,充分了解健康的合理能够得到高质量的医疗和相关的干预”(30)对资源配置的卫生系统内的原则,旨在实现平等的accessgoal通过减少不平等之间

地理区域内,包括去除财政壁垒来存取服务的弱势的人口。资源分配决策过程是权力下放这位加纳医疗服务(GHS)使用资源分配的公式,对资源配置。刚开始的时候,GHS布置规划赛季的预算天花板RHAs区域卫生Adminis-trations(10)在这个国家这个量分配

在所有区域块地区。每个RHA使用自己的region-specific资源分配的公式,re-distribute这个总和的地区在中华人民共和国管辖的其他海域。它是基于这些分配(的计划)andbudget RHAs地区经营活动。计划和预算估计完成活动的地区都被RHA架子回到卫生部/ GHS总部审批经批准后,theMOHdisburses资金

直接向各通过RHA。在这一阶段的RHA不能改变什么已缴费个人区最近,对促进公平、卫生部已经采取的top-slicing ' GHS预算目标的四个地区最著名的加纳降低贫困剥夺Strat-egy(GPRS)文件,即;北、东北、西部和中部地区(31]. 使用不同的资源分配标准由10 regionsmeans equitymay进展到另一个地区不同的commit-ment取决于对促进公平与特定的标准和策略。迄今为止,还没有一个系统调查评价区域内的资源配置的程度股权的目标是先进的(或没有)通过这一过程该研究调查了在资源分配系统更是前所未见的高度和北部地区

加纳为了评估和比较公平的进展再分配的基金的大部分地区被剥夺了本研究的目的的定义

公平地体现在制作的使命,那就是平等的高质量的服务和inter-ventions被采纳。公平的资源分配来作为定义是平等的分配资源平等的需求或相关专业。因为强有力的关联和社会经济的健康状况dis-advantage在加纳,健康的需要采用相对剥夺或不利的地位。水平较高的地区被认为是被剥夺

在更大的需要的资源。在这项研究中,资源的定义是主要的金融资源为区级服务。

怎么找外文文献及译文

We must have a basic understanding to its performance, namely its mileage when we are about to buy a used car.

如何翻译文献?

找外文文献及译文可以用中国知网、掌桥科研、DOI等。

1、中国知网。

中国知网国内最具权威的文献数据库网站，其中也收录了一些外文文献，习惯知网的使用，可以先利用一下中国知网来查找外文文献及译文。

搜索“中国知网”进入网站。在网站首页选择“旧版入口”点击进入，即可在新网页中左侧的“国际文献总库”，然后打开它，就进入了外文文献网页，里面有单库分类，根据自己需要进行查找。

在网页上方有检索框，输入关键词就能可查找，在检索框的右则有个高级检索，可以打开进行更精确地查找。该平台拥有1.6亿+篇中外文献，均可下载。

2、掌桥科研。

利用搜索引擎（百度搜狗等），搜索“掌桥科研”进入网站。在网站首页左侧有一个“文献导航”，点击它即可出现一个下拉菜单，里面有该网站的文献分类，然后选择外文期刊、外文会议、外文学位、外文OA文献等选项，即可进入相关文献库。

也可以通过在网站的搜索框内输入相关信息查找相关外文文献及译文，在搜索框左侧有分类选项，如主题、题名、作者等，这样可以更精确地找到自己想要的外文文献及译文。该平台拥有1.3亿+篇中外文献，均可直接下载。

3、DOI。

DOI即数字对象唯一标识符，通俗一点来讲，DOI就是一篇文献的身份证，有了这个“证”之后就可以凭证检索了。每篇论文都有一个对应的DOI，一般文章接收之后DOI就是确定的，不会再改变。其唯一性为论文的检索提供了很大的便利。

DOI自身就是一套非常完备的文献储存与检索系统，有非常方便的检索网站，进入网站之后，在对话框中输入文献的doi进行检索可以直接链接到文献URL页面。外文文献及译文都可以到里边查找。

谁帮我翻译一下这段外文文献啊

如何翻译英文文献？ 15分

首先是, 你对要翻译的文献有一定认识和理解.

绩次是, 掌握语法以及地道的用法

最后, 运用你大脑组织起来 达到不脱离愿意,又能让大家看懂.

其实就是 信达雅

英语文献怎么翻译成汉语用什么软件

说实话，不管什么翻译都是人工最好用，越长的文献用软件错的越多，自然会被贻笑大方。推荐你一个软件—Flitto翻易通，上面是人和人之间的互助翻译，不过要是你的文献太长还是找个专业人吃顿饭给点钱比较好使。

这些中文参考文献怎么翻译成英文

看来你是要发外文的论文。

解决办法：

每一篇都去知网上下载，有些高质量的的文章最后是有英文的题目、摘要和作者的。

比如你第三篇，王海斗的，就附了英文题目和人名。

那些低档的，没有英文内容的，比如，第一篇参考文献；只能通过自己的专业知识、专业词汇，自行翻译了。

如果参考文献是由国外的书翻译过来的，该怎么写

格式如下：

原作者.译文名[M].译者.出版地：出版者，出版年：引文页码.

“添加参考文献作为...”如何翻译

This reference is added and quoted as Ref. [25] in our manuscript

这些中文参考文献怎么翻译成英文

仅供参考

[9] 李纯青,孙英,郭承运. E-服务质量决定因素与测量模型研究 [J]. 运筹与管理. 2004,13（3）

[9] Li Chunqing, Sun Ying, Guo Chengyun. E- service quality determinants and Study on [J]. measurement model of operations research and management science. 2004,13 (3 )

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也可以用document代替literature

仅通过提供组织实施变化与资源,以及要求参加培训计划可以导致得到的结果和贫穷的利用系统。一个更全面的评估现有技能和培训需求可以帮助学生在准备该组织的改变。

过程的解释和理解的改变,它环绕的实施被认为是一种组织设置在我们的工作中突出的依存关系组织变革认知基础设施和培训,使有效的沟通和合作。

现在的训练方法与技巧能促进知识的转换,通过联合循环的创新地方组织、系统发展相对较短和并行。然而,引进和使用企业体系需要更多的盲目性和二阶组织的变化。为了提高效率,这些变化需要培训支持,reinventive调节、造型的学习。然而,这些培训需要更难以评估。失的训练和学习结果主要是负责在项目的惯性明显失败了通过对改变的抵抗或较差的变化管理。

我们的研究显示,企业系统开发的机会越来越多地采用新的国米——和流程和组织形式。因此,有必要采取一种更加发展的角度对组织作为创造者而并非仅仅是处理器的信息。摘要应用主成分,从我们的研究突出了

同余的构建模式,也是推动分类学上的组织变革、学习和知识的转化。

从我们的框架,提供了一种有用的方式发展工作的识别和分析培训需求的组织与不同的用户和

不断的变革。本研究的局限性,给出明确的特点,在临床的社区工作,整个系统是支持企业。然而,尽管没有立即具普遍性(其他设置,最初的测试的测试框架提供了一种鲁棒性）